What Year Was the Hobbit There and Back Again Written in

Fictional monster in Tolkien's fantasy series

This article is about the fictional grapheme. For the animated being from Jewish folklore, meet Golem. For other uses, run into Gollum (disambiguation).

Gollum
The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings character
Sculpture of Gollum catching fish at Wellington Airdrome, 2013, to marking the release of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey [1]
In-universe information
Aliases	Sméagol
Race	Hobbit (Stoor branch)
Gender	Male person
Book(south)	The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings Unfinished Tales

Gollum is a fictional monstrous character from J. R. R. Tolkien's Heart-world legendarium. He was introduced in the 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, and became important in its sequel, The Lord of the Rings. Gollum was a Stoor Hobbit^{[T 1] [T 2]} of the River-folk who lived near the Gladden Fields. In The Lord of the Rings it is stated that he was originally known every bit Sméagol, he was corrupted by the 1 Ring and later named Gollum after his habit of making "a horrible swallowing noise in his pharynx".^{[T 3]}

Sméagol obtained the Ring by murdering his relative Déagol, who found it in the River Anduin. Gollum referred to the Ring as "my precious" or "precious", and it extended his life far across natural limits. Centuries of the Ring's influence twisted Gollum's body and heed, and, by the fourth dimension of the novels, he "loved and hated [the Band], as he loved and hated himself."^{[T 4]} Throughout the story, Gollum was torn between his animalism for the Band and his desire to be free of it. Bilbo Baggins found the Ring and took information technology for his own, and Gollum afterwards pursued it for the balance of his life. Gollum finally seized the Ring from Frodo Baggins at the Cracks of Doom in Mountain Doom in Mordor, simply he fell into the fires of the volcano, where both he and the Ring were destroyed.

Commentators accept described Gollum every bit a psychological shadow figure for Frodo and as an evil guide in contrast to the wizard Gandalf, the good guide. They accept noted, too, that Gollum is not wholly evil, and that he has a part to play in the will of the almighty god of Middle-earth, necessary to the destruction of the Ring. For Gollum'south literary origins, scholars take compared Gollum to the shrivelled hag Gagool in Passenger Haggard's 1885 novel King Solomon's Mines and to the subterranean Morlocks in H. One thousand. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Automobile.

Gollum was voiced by Brother Theodore in Rankin-Bass' animated adaptations of The Hobbit and Return of the King, and by Peter Woodthorpe in Ralph Bakshi'southward animated film version and the BBC'due south 1981 radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings. He was portrayed through motion capture by Andy Serkis in Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit picture trilogies.

Name

In Appendix F of The Lord of the Rings, the name "Sméagol" is said to exist a "translation" of the Center-earth name Trahald (having to do with the idea of "burrowing", and rendered with a name based on Old English: smygel of similar meaning).^[2]

The rhyming name of his relative "Déagol" is from Old English language: dēagol , pregnant "secretive, hidden".^[iii] In Tolkien's Red Book of Westmarch, the proper name "Déagol" is supposedly a translation of the "original" name in the author-invented language of Westron, Nahald , with the same meaning.^[4]

Names and etymology

Former English language	English	Westron	Meaning
smygel	Sméagol	Trahald	creeping
dēagol	Déagol	Nahald	secretive

Appearances

The Hobbit

Gollum was introduced in The Hobbit every bit "a small, slimy creature" who lived on a small island in an underground lake at the roots of the Misty Mountains. He survived on cave fish, which he defenseless from a small gunkhole, and small goblins who strayed also far from the stronghold of the Great Goblin. Over the years, his eyes adapted to the dark and became "lamp-like", shining with a sickly pale lite.^{[T 3]}

Bilbo Baggins stumbled upon Gollum's lair, having found the Ring in the network of goblin tunnels leading downwards to the lake. At his wits' stop in the dark, Bilbo agreed to a riddle game with Gollum on the risk of being shown the fashion out of the mountains.^{[T three]} In the first edition of The Hobbit, Gollum'south size is non stated.^[5] Originally, he was as well characterised as being less bound to the Ring than in later versions; he offered to give the Ring to Bilbo if he lost the riddle game, and he showed Bilbo the fashion out of the mountains after losing. To fit the concept of the ruling Ring that emerged during the writing of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien revised later editions of The Hobbit. The version of the story given in the first edition became the lie that Bilbo made upward to justify his possession of the Ring to the Dwarves and Gandalf. In the new version, Gollum pretended that he would prove Bilbo the way out if he lost the riddle-game, but he actually planned to use the Ring to kill and swallow the hobbit. Discovering the Ring missing, he suddenly realised the answer to Bilbo's last riddle—"What have I got in my pocket?" (a question at commencement not meant as a riddle, but as a self-asked i)—and flew into a rage. Bilbo inadvertently discovered the Ring's ability of invisibility as he fled, assuasive him to follow Gollum undetected to a back entrance of the caves. Gollum was convinced that Bilbo knew the way out all forth, and hoped to intercept him near the archway, lest the goblins auscultate Bilbo and find the Ring. Bilbo at beginning thought to impale Gollum in order to escape, just was overcome with pity, and then just leaped over him. As Bilbo escaped, Gollum cried out, "Thief, Thief, Thief! Baggins! We hates it, nosotros hates information technology, we hates it forever!"^{[T three]}

The Lord of the Rings

Gollum's real name was Sméagol, and he had once been a member of the secluded branch of the early on Stoorish Hobbits. He spent the early on years of his life with his extended family nether a matriarch, his grandmother. On Sméagol'southward altogether, he and his relative Déagol went line-fishing in the Gladden Fields. There, Déagol found the Band in the riverbed subsequently being pulled into the water by a fish. Sméagol fell immediately under the Ring's influence and demanded it as a birthday nowadays; when Déagol refused, Sméagol strangled him.^{[T ii] [T iv]}

Sméagol after used the Ring for thieving, spying and antagonising his friends and relatives, who nicknamed him "Gollum" for the swallowing racket he made in his throat, until his grandmother disowned him. He wandered in the wilderness for a few years until he finally retreated to a deep cavern in the Misty Mountains. The Ring's malignant influence twisted his body and mind, and prolonged his life well beyond its natural limits.^{[T four]}

Gollum left his cave in pursuit of Bilbo a few years after losing the Ring, but the trail was common cold. He made his way to the border of Mordor, where he met the monstrous spider Shelob and became her spy, worshipping her and bringing her food. He was eventually captured by Sauron's forces and tortured, revealing to Sauron the names of "Baggins" and "the Shire". His testimony alerted Sauron to the being and significance of hobbits in full general and the Baggins family in particular. He was freed, simply was soon caught past Gandalf and Aragorn, who interrogated him about the Ring and placed him in the intendance of the Wood Elves of Mirkwood. He escaped from them (with the aid of Sauron's Orcs) and descended into Moria.^{[T 4]}

Gollum began following the Fellowship of the Ring in Moria, just was noticed by Frodo Baggins, Gandalf, and Aragorn. He trailed the Fellowship to the edge of Lothlórien. He picked up their trail again as they left,^{[T 5]} following them all the mode to Rauros, so pursued Frodo and Samwise Gamgee beyond the Emyn Muil when they struck out on their own towards Mordor.^{[T half-dozen]}

Frodo and Sam confronted Gollum in the Emyn Muil; Gollum nearly strangled Sam, but Frodo subdued him with his Elvish sword, Sting, which had once belonged to Bilbo. Frodo tied an Elvish rope effectually Gollum'south talocrural joint equally a leash, but the mere affect of the rope pained him. Taking pity on the wretched creature, just equally Bilbo once had, Frodo made Gollum swear to aid them. Like-minded to the oath, Gollum swore by the Ring itself, and Frodo released him.^{[T vi]} The unlikely company, guided by Gollum, made their way to the Black Gate, the primary entrance to Mordor. Frodo'south kindness brought out Gollum'due south meliorate nature, and he made at least some effort to proceed his promise. Sam, all the same, despised Gollum upon sight, and oftentimes warned Frodo of the animate being'southward deception and slipperiness.^{[T 7]}

When they reached the Black Gate and found it well-guarded, Gollum offered to lead them toward an alternating entrance into Mordor. Along the mode, Frodo and Sam were seized by Faramir, and Gollum slipped away uncaught (simply not unseen) and followed them.^{[T viii]} When Frodo allowed Faramir to briefly have Gollum prisoner in order to spare his life, Gollum felt betrayed, and began plotting against his new "chief". Faramir found out that Gollum was taking them to the laissez passer of Cirith Ungol, an archway to Mordor through the Ephel Dúath mountains. He warned Frodo and Sam of the evil of that place, too as the treachery he sensed in Gollum.^{[T 9]}

Frodo, Sam, and Gollum left Faramir and climbed the stairs to Cirith Ungol. Gollum slipped away and visited Shelob, planning to feed the hobbits to her and then get the Ring for himself when she was done. When he returned, he plant the hobbits asleep, and the sight of Frodo sleeping nearly moved Gollum to repent. Withal, Sam woke upwards and spoke harshly to him, and the opportunity for redemption was lost.^{[T 10]}

Gollum followed through with his plan and led Frodo and Sam into Shelob's Lair. There, Frodo was stung by Shelob, taken prisoner by Orcs, and hauled to the Tower of Cirith Ungol.^{[T eleven]} Sam rescued Frodo from the Tower of Cirith Ungol and, dressed in scavenged Orc-armour, the 2 made their way across the plateau of Gorgoroth to Mountain Doom. When Frodo and Sam had almost reached their destination, Gollum attacked them, only Frodo threw him downwards. Sam faced Gollum on his own, letting Frodo continue up the mountain to cease their mission. Similar Bilbo and Frodo before him, Sam spared Gollum's life, turned his dorsum on the creature, and followed Frodo.^{[T 12]}

Moments later, Frodo stood on the edge of the Crack of Doom, simply claimed the Ring for himself and put it on. Gollum struck, struggled with the invisible Frodo, chip off Frodo's finger, and seized the Ring. Gloating over his "prize" and dancing madly, he stepped over the edge and fell into the Crack of Doom, taking the Ring with him with a terminal weep of "Precious!" Thus, the Band was destroyed and Sauron defeated. Sam cursed Gollum afterwards his decease, simply Frodo urged his friend to forgive him, as without him the quest would have failed.^{[T xiii]}

Characteristics

In the showtime edition of The Hobbit, Tolkien fabricated no reference to Gollum's size, leading illustrators such equally Tove Jansson to portray him as very large.^[6] Tolkien realised the omission, and added in after editions that Gollum was "a small slimy creature."^{[T three]} The Two Towers characterises him as slightly larger than Sam;^{[T xi]} and later, comparing him to Shelob, one of the Orcs describes him as "rather like a spider himself, or perhaps like a starved frog."^{[T 14]}

The Hobbit states that Gollum had pockets, in which he kept a tooth-sharpening-rock, goblin teeth, wet shells, and a scrap of bat wing;^{[T 3]} it describes him every bit having a thin face, "big round stake eyes", and existence "every bit dark equally darkness".^{[T 3]} In The Two Towers, rangers of Ithilien wonder if he is a tailless black squirrel.^{[T 9]} Co-ordinate to Sam in The Fellowship of the Band, he had "paddle-feet, like a swan's about, only they seemed bigger" when Gollum was post-obit their gunkhole past paddling a log down the River Anduin.^{[T xv]} In a manuscript written to guide illustrators to the appearance of his characters, Tolkien explained that Gollum had pale pare, but wore night wearing apparel and was oftentimes seen in poor lite.^[seven]

In The Fellowship of the Ring, Aragorn states that "his malice is not bad and gives him a strength hardly to be believed in one so lean and withered."^{[T 16]} In The Two Towers, Gollum's grip is described as "soft, simply horribly strong" as he wrestles with Sam.^{[T six]}

Personality

Gollum by Frederic Bennet, 2014 (detail)

Tolkien describes Gollum'south personality later he had been captured past Frodo and Sam:^{[T 6]}

For that moment a modify, which lasted for some time, came over him. He spoke with less hissing and whining, and he spoke to his companions directly, not to his precious self. He would cringe and flinch, if they stepped near him or fabricated any sudden movement, and he avoided the impact of their elven-cloaks; just he was friendly, and indeed pitifully anxious to please. He would chortle with laughter and caper if any jest was made, or fifty-fifty if Frodo spoke kindly to him, and weep if Frodo rebuked him.^{[T 6]}

Gollum hates everything Elf-made. In The Two Towers, Sam bound Gollum's cervix with Elven rope, which caused Gollum excruciating pain by its mere presence.^{[T 6]} He was unable or unwilling to eat the lembas staff of life Sam and Frodo carried with them, and rejects cooked rabbit in favour of raw meat or fish.^{[T 8] [T nine]}

Spoken language

Gollum speaks in an idiosyncratic manner, often referring to himself in the 3rd person, and often talks to himself. In The Hobbit, he always refers to himself equally "my precious".^{[T iii]} When not referring to himself in third person, he sometimes speaks of himself in the plural as "we", hinting at his alter ego. The rare occasions when he really says "I" are interpreted by Frodo as an indication that Sméagol'due south better self has the upper hand. Gollum also uses his own versions of words similar to the original words. He usually adds -es to the stop of a plural, resulting in words such as "hobbitses" instead of hobbits or "birdses" instead of birds. When forming the present tense of verbs, he oftentimes extends the third person singular catastrophe -south to other persons and numbers, resulting in constructions like "we hates it" (by illustration with "he hates it"). Gollum'due south oral communication emphasises sibilants, ofttimes drawing them out.^{[T 17]}

Age

Through the influence of the Ring, Gollum's life was extended far beyond that of other members of his clan. An average hobbit lifespan is over 100 years, but a span of 556 years separates Gollum's finding of the Ring and its destruction, by which time he was almost 600 years old.^[8]

Analysis

The story of Sméagol'due south murder of Déagol echoes the Biblical story of Cain and Abel.^[9] Cain Kills Abel by Hugo Vogel, 1922

Sméagol and Déagol

Cain, Abel, and Grendel

Commentators including the theologian Ralph C. Wood,^[ten] and the critics Brent Nelson and Kathleen Gilligan, accept remarked that Sméagol's murder of Déagol echoes Cain'south killing of Abel in Genesis (4:1-18). Cain is jealous of his brother Abel; Sméagol is jealous of the shiny gold ring that his friend Déagol has found. Nelson observes that the names of the friends are similar, hinting that at to the lowest degree figuratively they are "brothers". Cain is guilty of Abel'due south murder, and ends up as a restless wanderer, never finding peace; Sméagol besides is exiled from his Hobbit-people, and "wandered in loneliness".^{[T 4]} Nelson notes that Tolkien was a famed scholar of the Old English poem Beowulf, which he acknowledged was a major source of his own fiction;^{[T 18]} and that the Beowulf poet calls the monster Grendel one of the sons of Cain. Amid the many parallels betwixt Gollum and Grendel are their affinity for water, their isolation from society, and their bestial clarification.^{[11] [ix]}

The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger suggests that Gollum is Tolkien's central monster-figure, likening him to both Grendel and the Beowulf dragon, "the twisted, cleaved, outcast hobbit whose macho shape and dragonlike greed combine both the Beowulf kinds of monster in ane figure".^[12]

Wagner'south Der Ring des Nibelungen

Jamie McGregor, writing in Mythlore, compares Sméagol's murder of Déagol to Fafner's murder of his brother Fasolt in Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen. He notes that Tolkien denied any comparing of his Ring with Wagner's, and that this was accepted by his biographer Humphrey Carpenter.^[13] All the same, McGregor notes that Arthur Morgan identified evident parallels, starting with Alberich's curse: at that place is simply one ring; it is cursed; information technology gives limitless power; owning it brings only misery, and it consumes its possessor, who becomes its slave; its owner is called the Lord; owning it is living death.^[14]

McGregor further compares Déagol'south delight in the ring with the Rhinemaidens' innocent rejoicing in their gilded: "And behold! when he done the mud away, there in his hand lay a beautiful gilt ring; and it shone and glittered in the sun, and then that his center was glad".^{[T 4]} He draws a parallel between Sméagol's asking for the Ring with Fafner'due south; Déagol refuses, maxim "I'm going to go along it", just every bit Fasolt says "I hold it: it belongs to me"; Sméagol derisively says "Oh, are yous indeed, my love", and throttles him, turning by degrees into the Ring-depraved Gollum-monster, while Fafner sourly says "Hold it fast in instance it falls" and clubs Fasolt to death, condign by degrees a treasure-fixated dragon.^{[13] [T 4]}

Much later, Bilbo blunders into Gollum's cave and finds the Ring by blow; he holds off Gollum with his sword, and escapes by winning a peaceful battle, a riddle contest; Siegfried is led by Mime to the dragon's den, kills Fafner to save himself from being eaten; and takes the band every bit a bird's voice suggests it. Alberich had cursed the "thief" who took the band; Gollum curses Bilbo for taking his Ring. On the other manus, McGregor writes, Siegfried is a hero, Bilbo, an anti-hero; and the shrunken Mime is the nearly Gollum-like grapheme in Wagner's Band Cycle.^{[thirteen] [T three]}

Psychological "pairing" with Frodo

A multifariousness of commentators have suggested that Gollum constitutes a "shadow figure" for Frodo, as his nighttime alter ego ("other self") co-ordinate to Carl Jung's theory of psychological individuation. Some have identified many such "pairings", such as Denethor as a shadow for Théoden, Boromir for Aragorn, Saruman for Gandalf, Ted Sandyman for Sam Gamgee, the Barrow-wight for Tom Bombadil, and Shelob for Galadriel, simply the Gollum/Frodo pairing is by far the most widely accustomed.^[15]

Evil guide

The Tolkien scholar Charles W. Nelson described Gollum as an evil guide, contrasted with Gandalf, the practiced guide (like Virgil in Dante's Inferno) in Lord of the Rings. He notes, too, that both Gollum and Gandalf are servants of The I, Eru Ilúvatar, in the struggle confronting the forces of darkness, and "ironically" all of them, adept and bad, are necessary to the success of the quest.^[16]

Playing a part in a cosmic game

David Callaway, writing in Mythlore, notes that Tolkien, a devout Roman Cosmic, had made Middle-earth a identify where skillful and evil are in conflict under an omnipotent god, Eru Ilúvatar: in other words, "his cosmology is Christian".^[17] Callaway describes Gollum as plumbing equipment into this framework as a being not wholly evil, able to make moral choices.^[17]

The Episcopal priest Fleming Rutledge writes that at the Council of Elrond, Frodo angrily resists the notion that Gollum was a Hobbit like himself, simply that Gandalf describes the tale of Gollum's enslavement to the Ring as "a sad story" rather than as Frodo's description of him, "loathsome". Gandalf says that Gollum "had no will left in the matter", and could not get rid of the Ring; instead, "the Ring itself .. decided things".^{[T 16]} Rutledge comments that the deplorable story has happened to everybody, trapped, as Christians believe, in "Sin and Death", and states that^[18]

The genuinely revolting Gollum is central not simply to the surface narrative, ... but also to the underlying theological drama.^[18]

Eru makes apply of every beingness's choices for good: Callaway gives as instance the way that Wormtongue's aroused throwing of the palantír, a crystal ball-similar stone of seeing, enables Pippin to look in the stone and reveal himself to Sauron; in turn, Sauron jumps to a wrong conclusion about the stone and the hobbit, which assists the Fellowship in completing their quest, destroying the One Ring. Similarly, Callaway argues, Gollum "is existence partly manipulated by Eru in this cosmic chess game"^[17] citing Gandalf'south remark that Gollum "has some office to play still, for good or ill".^[17] And indeed, Gollum'due south alter ego, Sméagol, struggles to exist proficient, speaks the truth when questioned by Frodo, and guides them through the Expressionless Marshes. In brusk, equally Tolkien writes, Gollum is "not altogether wicked".^[17] Finally, at the stop of the quest within Mountain Doom, Gollum takes the Ring from Frodo, and causes it to exist destroyed, completing the quest successfully at the moment that Frodo had announced that he would keep the Ring. Callaway calls this "the ultimate heroic self-sacrifice", arguing that Gollum acted "consciously" using "the good fraction in his mind finally overpowering the Ring's evil".^[17]

Degenerate

The scholars of English language literature William N. Rogers Two and Michael R. Underwood compare Gollum to the similarly named^[19] evil and ancient hag Gagool in Rider Haggard's 1885 novel Rex Solomon'southward Mines; Tolkien acknowledged Haggard, particularly his novel She, as a major influence. They annotation that Haggard's tales share many motifs with Tolkien'south The Hobbit, including a non-heroic narrator who turns out to be brave and capable in a crunch; a grouping of male characters on a quest; dangers in caves; a goal of treasure; and render to a happy countryside. Along with that, the ii characters both have a monstrous character. Gagool is described every bit seeming to be^[nineteen]

a withered-up monkey [that] crept on all fours ... a most extraordinary and weird countenance. It was (apparently) that of a woman of not bad age, so shrunken that in size it was no larger than that of a year-erstwhile child, and was made up of a collection of deep yellow wrinkles ... a pair of large black eyes, still full of burn and intelligence, which gleamed and played under the snow-white eyebrows, and the projecting parchment-coloured skull, similar jewels in a charnel-firm. Equally for the skull itself, it was perfectly bare, and yellow in hue, while its wrinkled scalp moved and contracted like the hood of a cobra." —Rex Solomon's Mines, 1885^[19]

They notation that Gagool speaks of and rejoices in "blood and decease".^[19] Like Gollum, she is human-like but distorted to a parody; she is shrunken and extremely old; her big eyes and spoken language are distinctive; and she is wholly materialistic, with a "terrible greediness and cocky-referencing" and "the clamorous claims of the naked ego".^[xix] They mention too the cultural groundwork of the belatedly 19th century, combining economic recession, fright of moral decline and degeneration leading indeed to eugenics, and a "for-the-moment hedonism" in the confront of these concerns. They annotate that Gagool can be seen as a "worst-case" embodiment of such Victorian era fears.^[19]

Dale Nelson, writing in the J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, suggests that Gollum may derive from H. One thousand. Wells'southward Morlocks in his 1895 novel The Fourth dimension Machine. They take "ho-hum white" skin with a "bleached look", "strange large grayish-ruby eyes" with "a capacity for reflecting light", and run in a low posture somewhere shut to all fours, looking like "a human being spider", through having lived for generations underground in darkness.^[20]

A 2004 paper in the British Medical Journal by supervised students at Academy College London argued that Gollum meets vii of the nine diagnostic criteria for schizoid personality disorder.^[21]

Adaptations

Animations

Gollum's offset known screen adaptation is in Gene Deitch'southward 1967 curt picture The Hobbit.^[22] His part is reduced to a scene depicting him sitting in his boat.^[23]

In the 1977 Rankin/Bass adaptation of The Hobbit and its 1980 The Render of the Rex, Gollum was voiced by Brother Theodore.^[24] He appeared somewhat froglike.^[25]

In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 blithe moving picture adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, Gollum was voiced by Peter Woodthorpe.^[26] Austin Gilkeson, writing on TOR.com, called the prologue with the "snaring and transformation of Gollum" "beautifully rendered as blackness shadows bandage against a red canvas" similar a shadow play or a medieval tapestry come to life, with a mix of animation, painted backgrounds, and rotoscoping.^[27]

Boob tube plays

A green-clad Gollum in Leningrad Television's 1991 Khraniteli

In the Soviet-era television film Сказочное путешествие мистера Бильбо Бэггинса, Хоббита (The Fairytale Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins, The Hobbit) of 1985, a dark-green-faced Gollum is portrayed by Igor Dmitriev.^[28]

A different Russian Gollum was played by Viktor Smirnov in Saint petersburg Television's two-part 1991 Tv play Khraniteli, rediscovered in 2021.^[29] Variety reported that "he's speaking Russian, sports orange middle-shadow and has what appears to be bright green cabbage leaves pasted to his head."^[thirty]

Kari Väänänen portrayed Gollum (Finnish: Klonkku) in the 1993 live-action boob tube miniseries Hobitit [The hobbits] produced and broadcast past the Finnish network Yle.^[31]

Characteristic films

In Peter Jackson'south The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Gollum is a CGI graphic symbol voiced and performed by actor Andy Serkis. He is smaller than both Frodo and Sam, but still has considerable strength and agility. Barely glimpsed in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), he becomes a cardinal character in The Lord of the Rings: The 2 Towers (2002) and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003). The CGI character was built around Serkis's facial features, vocalization, and acting choices, and is depicted naked only for a loincloth. Serkis based the iconic "gollum" pharynx noise on the sound of his cat coughing up hairballs.^[32] Using a digital puppet created by Jason Schleifer and Bay Raitt at Weta Digital, animators created Gollum's functioning using a mixture of motion capture data recorded from Serkis and the traditional blitheness process of key frame, along with the laborious process of digitally rotoscoping Serkis's image and replacing it with the digital Gollum's in a technique coined rotoanimation.^[33]

In The Lord of the Rings: The Render of the Rex, Serkis himself appears in a flashback scene as Sméagol before his degeneration into Gollum. This scene was originally earmarked for The 2 Towers, just was held back because the screenwriters felt audiences would relate amend to the original Sméagol in one case they were more familiar with who he became. The decision to include this scene meant that Raitt and Jamie Beswarick had to redesign Gollum'south face for the second and third films so that information technology would more closely resemble Serkis'.^[34] Serkis one time again played Gollum in the 2012 prequel pic The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journeying.^[35] In Jackson'due south films, Gollum has a split up personality: the artless "Sméagol" and the evil "Gollum". Screenwriters Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens included scenes in The Two Towers, The Return of the Male monarch and An Unexpected Journey in which "Gollum" and "Sméagol" contend, with Serkis slightly altering his phonation and body linguistic communication to play the 2 as separate entities. This style was praised by the Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey who described the Jackson interpretation as "masterful" and the additional scenes equally "especially skillful".^[36]

Serkis and Gollum appeared on the 2003 MTV Film Awards, when Gollum won "Best Virtual Performance" and went on to deliver an obscenity-laden acceptance voice communication in character,^[37] so well received that information technology won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Grade.^[38] Wizard magazine rated Jackson's Gollum equally the 62nd-greatest villain of all fourth dimension, from among 100 villains from film, television, comics and video games.^[39] In addition, Serkis every bit Gollum was placed thirteenth on Empire magazine's "100 Greatest Movie Characters of all Time".^[40]

Fan films

Gollum is the eponymous character in The Hunt for Gollum, an independently produced 2009 prequel to the Jackson films directed by Chris Bouchard. Bouchard's CGI Gollum, voiced by Gareth Brough,^[41] looks much like the Gollum of the Jackson films.^[42]

Other media

In Canada, Gollum was portrayed by Michael Therriault in the three-hour phase product of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006 in Toronto.^[43] He won a Dora Award for the functioning.^[44]

Gollum appears in a 1989 3-function comic book accommodation of The Hobbit, scripted by Chuck Dixon and Sean Deming and illustrated by David Wenzel.^[45]

The Lord of the Rings: Gollum, a video game centered on Gollum, is currently under development by Daedalic Amusement.^[46]

Cultural references

The band Led Zeppelin mention Gollum and Mordor in their 1969 vocal "Ramble On", with the lyrics "Twas in the darkest depths of Mordor / I met a girl so fair / But Gollum, and the evil one crept up / And slipped away with her".^[47]

In 2014, the Turkish physician Bilgin Çiftçi shared an image comparing Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to Gollum; he was banned from serving in the Turkish ceremonious service,^[48] and Erdoğan sued Çiftçi for insulting him.^[49] Jackson stated that the image concerned was of Sméagol, not the evil Gollum.^{[l] [51]}

In 1973, a genus of ground sharks was named Gollum by the taxonomist Leonard Compagno, who noted that the slender smooth-hound "bears some resemblance in class and habits" to the Tolkien graphic symbol.^[52] In 1992, a genus of intertidal body of water slugs was named Smeagol in reference to the original name of the Tolkien character.^[53] In 2015, a species of cavern-abode harvestmen was named Iandumoema smeagol.^[54] In 2016 a new species, the precious stream toad, Ansonia smeagol, was described from Malaysia; the specific epithet was chosen for the toad's "long thin limbs and bulbous optics".^{[55] [56]}

References

Main

This list identifies each item'south location in Tolkien's writings.

1. ^ Unfinished Tales, Role 3, IV. "The Hunt for the Ring", p 353, note 9.
2. ^ ^{a b} Letters, #214 to A. C. Nunn, c. tardily 1958-early on 1959 "remigration of the Stoors ... Deagol-Smeagol incident"
3. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f g h i} The Hobbit, ch. 5 "Riddles in the Dark"
4. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f g} The Fellowship of the Ring, book 1, ch. ii "The Shadow of the Past"
5. ^ The Fellowship of the Ring, book 2, ch. nine "The Great River"
6. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f} The Two Towers, volume 4, ch. 1 "The Taming of Sméagol"
7. ^ The Two Towers, volume 4, ch. 3, "The Blackness Gate is Airtight"
8. ^ ^{a b} The Two Towers, book iv, ch. 4, "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit"
9. ^ ^{a b c} The Ii Towers, volume four, ch. 6, "The Forbidden Pool"
10. ^ The Two Towers, book 4, ch. 8, "The Stairs of Cirith Ungol"
11. ^ ^{a b} The Two Towers, book 4, ch. 9, "Shelob'south Lair"
12. ^ The Return of the Male monarch, volume vi, ch. iii, "Mount Doom"
13. ^ The Return of the King, volume 6, ch. 4, "The Field of Cormallen"
14. ^ The Ii Towers, book 4, ch. x, "The Choices of Master Samwise"
15. ^ The Fellowship of the Ring, volume two, ch. 9, "The Groovy River"
16. ^ ^{a b} The Fellowship of the Ring, book 2, ch. ii "The Council of Elrond"
17. ^ Return of the Rex, Appendix F: 2, "On Translation"
18. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1981). Carpenter, Humphrey; Tolkien, Christopher (eds.). To the editor of the 'Observer' . The Messages of J. R. R. Tolkien. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 31. ISBN978-0-618-05699-six. Beowulf is amongst my nigh valued sources; though it was not consciously present to the mind in the process of writing

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Sources

• Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Messages of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN978-0-395-31555-ii
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1937). Douglas A. Anderson (ed.). The Annotated Hobbit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 2002). ISBN978-0-618-13470-0.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, OCLC 9552942
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The 2 Towers, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, OCLC 1042159111
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, OCLC 519647821
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980), Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN978-0-395-29917-three

External links

Look upwards Gollum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Tolkien website of Harper Collins (the British publisher)
• Tolkien website of Houghton Mifflin Archived 24 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (the American publisher)

petersonbuit1966.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollum

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